图1 针刺对Aβ生成的影响
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综述针刺调节阿尔茨海默病(AD)β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)机制的研究进展。Aβ斑块的形成、沉积与清除在AD的病理机制中发挥着重要作用。针刺通过调控Aβ切割、神经胶质细胞、线粒体及自噬系统、Tau蛋白磷酸化及神经原纤维缠结(NFT)形成,可减少Aβ的产生、沉积以及促进Aβ的清除,进而发挥神经功能保护作用。
This paper reviews the research progress on the mechanism of acupuncture regulating amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The production, deposition and clearance of Aβ plaques play an important role in the pathological mechanism of AD. By regulating Aβ cleavage, neuroglia, mitochondrial and autophagic systems, Tau protein phosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) formation, acupuncture can reduce Aβ production, deposition and promote Aβ clearance, thus exerting neuroprotective effects.
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是老年人最常见的神经系统退行性疾病,其患病人数逐年上升,预计到2050年,全球AD患者将超过1.35亿[
近年来,AD的补充和替代疗法被越来越多的学者重视,尤其是非药物疗法[
AD的发生机制与Aβ的产生、沉积和清除之间的不平衡有关。Aβ是由淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)经蛋白水解作用形成的肽段[
针刺可以下调APP[
图1 针刺对Aβ生成的影响
注: APP为淀粉样前体蛋白,BACE1为β-分泌酶1,PPAR-γ为过氧化酶活化增生受体-γ,sAPPβ为APPβ前体,C99为淀粉样蛋白C末端片段,Aβ为β-淀粉样蛋白,AICD为活化诱导的细胞死亡。
小胶质细胞是大脑内的免疫细胞,能吞噬组织碎片,维持组织内环境平衡和免疫耐受,以及消除炎症和促进组织修复[
TREM2是一种在小胶质细胞中大量表达的巨噬细胞表面受体,它是启动和促进小胶质细胞活化和抗体吞噬作用必不可少的物质[
研究[
图2 针刺对小胶质细胞极化的影响
注: TREM2为髓系细胞触发受体2,NOS为一氧化氮合酶,ROS为活性氧,LDLR为低密度脂蛋白受体,LRP1为低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1。
成熟的星形胶质细胞参与中枢神经系统内环境平衡相关的关键过程,包括神经递质回收、离子平衡、突触发生和突触传递的调节,维持血脑屏障(BBB)[
ApoE在脑中主要来源于星形胶质细胞,影响对Aβ的调节[
电针可以抑制星形胶质细胞活化,降低促炎细胞因子水平[
图3 针刺对星形胶质细胞和ApoE的影响
注: ApoE为E型载脂蛋白,ApoE2、ApoE3、ApoE4为其3种亚型;APP为淀粉样前体蛋白,Aβ为β-淀粉样蛋白,NOS为一氧化氮合酶,ROS为活性氧,LDLR为低密度脂蛋白受体,LRP1为低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1。
线粒体在细胞内的分布和运输对于正常的神经元功能(神经传递、突触可塑性和轴突生长)必不可少,而Aβ可直接干扰线粒体功能。一方面,Aβ可通过晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)、线粒体外膜转位酶或内质网-线粒体串扰转运到线粒体,引起线粒体Aβ积累,破坏线粒体内稳态[
针刺可能通过PI3K/Akt通路,调节线粒体动力学,维持线粒体稳态及ATP产生,从而作用于AD小鼠大脑中的自噬系统[
图4 针刺对线粒体及自噬系统的影响
注: LDLR为低密度脂蛋白受体,LRP1为低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1,mCa2+为线粒体钙离子,ATP为腺苷三磷酸,ROS为活性氧,NOS为一氧化氮合酶,Aβ为β-淀粉样蛋白。
AD的另一相关机制环节是NFT,这些缠结是Tau蛋白过度磷酸化的结果,AD患者认知能力下降与NFT的负荷和进展密切相关[
GSK-3β是一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,参与神经元凋亡和诱导Tau蛋白过度磷酸化。GSK-3β的抑制可以减少Aβ斑块沉积,增加突触数量和突触后密度厚度。电针可显著降低AD大鼠海马磷酸化-酪氨酸216-合成激酶-3β(p-Tyr216-GSK-3β)水平,升高磷酸化-丝氨酸9-合成激酶-3β(p-Ser9-GSK-3β)水平,从而抑制GSK-3β,降低APP和Aβ水平;同时可抑制大多数丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基中的Tau蛋白过度磷酸化,进而减少突触损害[
图5 针刺对Tau蛋白和NFT的影响
注: LDLR为低密度脂蛋白受体,LRP1为低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1,GSK-3β 为糖原合成酶激酶-3β,NFT为神经原纤维缠结。
Aβ斑块的形成、沉积与清除在AD的病理机制中发挥着重要作用。Aβ斑块是AD重要的特异性标志物,它的异常沉积会造成神经炎症、线粒体功能不良,促进氧化应激、Tau蛋白过度磷酸化和NFT。针对Aβ的相关靶向药物正在被广泛研发。
针刺可有效增强药物对AD患者认知功能的改善,针药结合治疗可能比单纯药物治疗疗效更佳[
本文关于针刺调节Aβ的研究主要来源于动物实验,目前Aβ相关临床研究主要依靠脑脊液标志物或影像学检查来评估。脑脊液Aβ检测准确性较高,但获取困难,且为侵入性操作,无法满足定期检测与及时检查的需求;而影像学检查[如β-淀粉样蛋白-正电子发射计算机断层显像(Aβ-PET)、氟代脱氧葡萄糖-正电子发射计算机断层显像(FDG-PET)]成本高,在一定程度上限制了其临床推广应用。血浆标志物检测成本低、易获得、侵袭性小,在评估AD方面有着广阔的前景。近年来,血浆Aβ的多种检测方式,如Simoa免疫分析[
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