Vascular dementia (VD) has complicated etiology and pathogenesis,but in general,it is mainly due to kidney deficiency and lack of marrow. The kidney is the congenital foundation. It contains the essence and the marrow to fill the brain,and the brain is the sea of marrow,so the kidney and the brain are closely related. Therefore,the treatment of VD should enrich the kidney and fill the essence. The theory of kidney-brain correlation is rooted in the correlation between their yin and yang,meridians,essence and mind. Analyzing the physiology and pathology of the kidney and brain from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine and modern medicine, not only provides an accurate diagnosis and treatment idea for treating VD from the kidney,but also provides a certain scientific basis for the practical application of kidney-brain related theories.