This paper reviews the research progress on pharmacological activities of Strychnos nux-vomica L. and methods of synergism and attenuation. Strychnos nux-vomica L. mainly contains alkaloids, which have anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, and the effects of regulating immunity, promoting recovery of nerve function, promoting fracture healing, repairing cartilage injury, improving alcohol dependence and regulating small intestinal motility. Strychnos nux-vomica L. is a highly toxic drug, and synergism and attenuation can be achieved by dosage control, preparation, drug compatibility and development of new dosage forms and new manufacturing processes.