This paper reviews the research progress of molecular neurobiological mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment. In recent years,more and more traditional Chinese medicine related researches expound the mechanisms of this disease and the targets of Chinese medicine through the molecular biology and pathways,such as impact on the signal transduction pathways, inhibition on cell apoptosis, regulation on central neurotransmitter, intervention on synaptic plasticity changes,which thus plays the therapeutic role on cognitive impairment.