Objective:To observe the effects of Taohong Siwu Decoction on the bone mineralization in the process of bone transport. Methods40 postoperative patients with traumatic bone defect of extremities or osteomyelitis of extremities who need to be performed the bone transport surgery were randomly divided into the treatment group and control group, 20 cases in each group. The patients in the two groups were performed the bone transport surgery. The control group was treated with the routine symptomatic measures, the treatment group was treated with Taohong Siwu Decoction based on the treatment for the control group, with a course of 3 months. The time of fracture healing and bone mineralization was observed. The bone density of the lengthened bone segments and VAS score for the affected limb pain were compared.  Results:①Compared with one month after bone transport, there was statistically significant difference on the BMD level of the lengthened bone segments in both groups at all the time points after that, and the BMD level was significantly increased (P<0.05). Four months after bone transport, at the end of bone transport and bone mineralization, there was statistically significant difference on the BMD level of the lengthened bone segments between the two groups, and the BMD level in the treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). ②Compared with the first day after bone transport, there was statistically significant difference on the VAS score in both groups at all the time points after that, and the VAS score was significantly decreased (P<0.05). One week after bone transport, one month after bone transport, at the end of bone transport and bone mineralization, there was statistically significant difference on the VAS score between the two groups, and the VAS score in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). ③The fracture healing time and bone mineralization time in the treatment group were obviously less than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences (P<0.05).  Conclusion:Taohong Siwu Decoction can obviously increase the bone density of lengthened bone segments in the process of bone transport, relieve the pain symptoms of the affected limb in the process of bone transport and fracture healing, shorten the time of fracture healing and bone mineralization.